RESUMO
Plants are not only challenged by pathogenic organisms but also colonized by commensal microbes. The network of interactions these microbes establish with their host and among each other is suggested to contribute to the immune responses of plants against pathogens. In wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations, the oomycete pathogen Albugo laibachii plays an influential role in structuring the leaf phyllosphere. We show that the epiphytic yeast Moesziomyces bullatus ex Albugo on Arabidopsis, a close relative of pathogenic smut fungi, is an antagonistic member of the A. thaliana phyllosphere, which reduces infection of A. thaliana by A. laibachii. Combination of transcriptomics, reverse genetics, and protein characterization identified a GH25 hydrolase with lysozyme activity as a major effector of this microbial antagonism. Our findings broaden the understanding of microbial interactions within the phyllosphere, provide insights into the evolution of epiphytic basidiomycete yeasts, and pave the way for novel biocontrol strategies.
Much like the 'good bacteria' that live in our guts, many microscopic organisms can co-exist with and even benefit the plants they live on. For instance, the yeast Moesziomyces bullatus ex Albugo (MbA for short) can shield the leaves of its plant host against white rust, a disease caused by the organism Albugo laibachii. Studies have started to unveil how the various microbes at the surface of leaves interact and regulate their own community, yet the genetic mechanisms at play are less well-known. To investigate these processes, Eitzen et al. examined the genes that were switched on when MbA cells were in contact with A. laibachii on a leaf. This experiment revealed a few gene candidates that were then deleted, one by one, in MbA cells. As a result, a gene emerged as being key to protect the plant from white rust. It produces an enzyme known as the GH25 hydrolase, which, when purified, could reduce A. laibachii infections on plant leaves. Bacteria, fungi and other related microorganisms cause many diseases which, like white rust, can severely affect crops. Chemical methods exist to prevent these infections but they can have many biological and ecological side effects. A solution inspired by natural interactions may be safer and more effective at managing plant diseases that affect valuable crops. Harnessing the interactions between microbes living on plants, and the GH25 enzyme, may offer better disease control.
